Introduction Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, commonly known as MDPV, is a synthetic psychoactive stimulant that rose to global attention in the mid-2000s. Classified as a cathinone derivative, it shares chemical similarities with other synthetic stimulants, producing potent effects on energy, alertness, and euphoria. Its notoriety grew when it was sold as a so-called “bath salt” or “research chemical” […]