Introduction Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a synthetic stimulant classified among substituted cathinones, commonly known as “bath salts.” It has gained attention in the UK and Europe due to its potent central nervous system (CNS) effects and high abuse potential. MDPV acts as a powerful reuptake inhibitor of norepinephrine and dopamine, producing intense stimulatory, euphoric, and sometimes […]