Introduction 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, widely known as MDMA or Ecstasy, is a synthetic psychoactive stimulant belonging to the phenethylamine class. Originally synthesized in 1912, MDMA gained recognition for its empathogenic effects, influencing mood, social connectivity, and cognitive function. In the UK and Europe, MDMA is primarily known as a recreational drug, but emerging clinical research explores therapeutic […]
Introduction Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a synthetic stimulant classified among substituted cathinones, commonly known as “bath salts.” It has gained attention in the UK and Europe due to its potent central nervous system (CNS) effects and high abuse potential. MDPV acts as a powerful reuptake inhibitor of norepinephrine and dopamine, producing intense stimulatory, euphoric, and sometimes […]